I am jhdi!

Mild ignorance is my forte
Now stop it you're WUMming me

I am Barry smith!

i am hungry

I am Smarry Bith

It's been eventful (as always ) but I'm for to watch MOTD2

not

booooooooooooooooooooooooo

lies

Trade and industry are paramount to any country’s stability and this was no different for Spain under the united provinces of Castile or Aragon. During Ferdinand and Isabella's reign agents were sent to England and Flanders to encourage the sale of wool. Large convoys were organised to ship wool to northern Europe. They also regulated trade by reforming the coin.
They created three main coins that could be used in all kingdoms thus creating a more united Spain. Not only did they make it easier to use money throughout the kingdom; they also kept the subjects loyal with the guarantee to honour all pensions annuities. This established these most Catholic of monarchs to be sound fiscal managers. At this time the new world was being conquered. This created a trade boom in Spain as silver and gold was brought back. Aragon however was not allowed to partake in this new trade boom. This showed that Aragon was the weaker of the two provinces and that, in terms of trade, Castile was dominant. This also shows that- although they were united by the royal marriage- the two provinces were not identical in their policies. This lack of co-ordination in the trade policies of the two provinces demonstrates a great weakness in this new unity. Ferdinand and Isabella tried to better Spain’s trade during their reign and, on the whole, they succeeded. This success provides evidence that the accession could be regarded as a great significance. The power struggle between the rulers of the provinces of Spain and their powerful nobility was clear to see before Ferdinand and Isabella came to power. King Henry IV, the king of Castile before Isabella took control, was, “totally unable to control his warlike nobility.” The most important aristocratic families carved out massive domains which gave them considerable political and economic power in relation to the crown. This lack of control is shown throughout the early middle ages when the reconquest of lost land-the reconquista- began. Instead of the leader of the provinces taking power and marching to battle it was the powerful nobility who took the lead. The warrior class, the hidalgo, emerged as the dominant force in the reconquest. Their values of military prowess and conquest became dominant in Castile. This created a major issue for Isabella as the powerful nobility had revolted against Joanna, which in turn led to Isabella taking control. Repetition of such a revolt- directed against Isabella- was a great fear for the monarch. She had to weaken the nobility enough to ensure stability for the country and the monarchy. The Catholic Monarchs set out to restore royal authority and stability in Spain. To accomplish their goal they first created a group named the Holy Brotherhood. These men were used as a judicial police force for Castile as well as to attempt to keep Castilian nobles in check. To establish a more uniform judicial system the Catholic Monarchs created the Royal Council and appointed magistrates to run the towns and cities. This establishment of royal authority is known as the Pacification of Castile and can be seen as one of the crucial steps toward the creation of one of Europe's first strong nation-states. Isabella also sought various ways to diminish the influence of the Cortes Generales in Castile. Ferdinand however was too thoroughly Catalan to do anything of the sort with the equivalent systems in the Crown of Aragon. Even after his death and the union of the crowns under one monarch, the Aragonese, Catalan and Valencian Cortes retained significant power in their respective regions. Further, the monarchs continued ruling through a form of medieval contractualism. This made their rule 'pre-modern' in a many ways.
An example of this is that- rather than having one central power base- they travelled from town to town throughout the kingdom in order to promote loyalty. Another is that each community and region was connected to them via loyalty to the crown rather than bureaucratic ties. So although Isabella reformed the crown authority vastly; she and Ferdinand still failed to unite Spain fully. Ferdinand and Isabella were noted for being the monarchs of the newly-united Spain at the dawn of the modern era. The Kings had a goal of completing the Christian reconquest northern Africa and to conquer the Muslim kingdom of Granada. The beginnings of a series of campaigns known as the Granada War began with the attack of Alhama de Granada. The attack was led by two Andalusian nobles: Rodrigo Ponce de León and Diego de Merlo. The city fell to Andalusian forces in 1482. The Granada War was aided by Pope Sixtus IV by the granting a tithe and the implementation of a crusade tax to invest in the war. After 10 years of many battles the Granada War ended in 1492 when the Emir Boabdil surrendered the keys of the Alhambra Palace in Granada to the Castilian soldiers. This was the end of the “Reconquest” thus proving The Catholic Monarchs to have been of great significance to Spanish history.
Religious policies played a major role during the reigns of Isabella and Ferdinand; they changed their previous policies drastically. Both Isabella and Ferdinand were very strong Catholics and, as such, they were given the name of 'The Catholic Monarchs'. Their plan was to abolish all other religions within their country; most notably the Muslim and Jewish communities. They ordered the expulsion from Spain of all Moors and Jews. Conversion to Catholicism was a way of avoiding expulsion but between 1480 and 1492 hundreds of those who had converted were accused of secretly practicing their original religion and arrested, imprisoned, interrogated under torture. In many cases many of those who faced this inquisition were burned to death. These injustices occurred in both Castile and Aragon. The Inquisition had been created in the twelfth century by Pope Lucius III to fight heresy in the south of what is now France. The Catholic Monarchs decided to introduce the Inquisition to Castile, and requested the Pope's assent. On 1 November 1478 Pope Sixtus IV published the Papal bull, Exigit Sinceras Devotionis Affectus, through which the Inquisition was established in the Kingdom of Castile. The order later extended to all of Spain. The bull gave the monarchs exclusive authority to name the inquisitors.
During the reign of the Catholic Monarchs and long afterwards the Inquisition was active in persecuting people for offences such as crypto-Judaism, heresy, Protestantism, blasphemy, and bigamy. The last trial for crypto-Judaism was held in 1818.

someone double check that for me...2 beers later lolz

thanks baaders 1 page to go. You don't have to do it if you cba

During the reign of the Catholic Monarchs and long afterwards the Inquisition was active in persecuting people for offences such as crypto-Judaism, heresy, Protestantism, blasphemy, and bigamy. The last trial for crypto-Judaism was held in 1818.


In 1492 Ferdinand and Isabella ordered segregation of communities to create closed quarters which eventually became what were later called "ghettos". This segregation, common at the time, also furthered economic pressures upon the Jews and other non-Christians by increasing taxes and social restrictions. Finally, in 1492, with the Alhambra Decree Jews in Spain were given four months by the monarchs to either convert to Catholicism or leave Spain. Tens of thousands of Jews departed from Spain to other lands such as Portugal, North Africa, Italy and the Ottoman Empire. Later in 1492, Ferdinand issued a letter addressed to the Jews who had left Castile and Aragon, to invite them back to Spain if and only if they had become Christians. This accession then created a significant different in the way in which the country was run; this was an important decision as it affected all ways of life in Spain.


That is all that is left baaders if you are in the mood for re-wording

hibs couldve beat us easy!!!!

o'connor is on form for them atm